proces legislacyjny

Etapy procesu ustawodawczego:

1. Przedstawienie inicjatywy ustawodawczej.
Prawo do inicjatywy ustawodawczej mają:

• posłowie (min.15) ,
  
• komisja sejmowa,
  
• senat ( w całości),
  
• prezydent,
• RM,
  
• 100tys. obywateli

2. Rozpatrzenie projektu przez sejm.

• pierwsze czytanie:
  

- uzasadnienie projektu przez wnioskodawcę,
- debata nad projektem (zwykle w komisjach sejmowych)
-skierowanie projektu do dalszych prac w komisji, ew. całkowite odrzucenie

• drugie czytanie (na posiedzeniu Sejmu):

-obejmuje szczegółowe sprawozdanie odpowiedniej komisji
-debatę nad wnioskami i poprawkami
-ponowne skierowanie projektu do komisji
(-> gdy nie ma poprawek-może odbyć się natychmiastowe 3 czytanie
-> do zakończenia 2 czytania- prawo wnioskodawcy do wycofania projektu)

• trzecie czytanie:

-komisja przedstawia sprawozdanie i następuje głosowanie nad projektem : może być on odrzucony w całości lub ostatecznie uchwalony , stając się ustawą

3. Prace nad ustawą w Senacie:

• senat ma trzy możliwości : odrzucenie całej ustawy/przyjęcie ustawy bez zmian/wprowadzenie do ustawy poprawek

Jeśli Senat w ciągu 30 dni nie ustosunkuje się do ustawy, zostaje ona przyjęta w wersji uchwalonej przez Sejm i przechodzi do etapu piątego.

4.Ponowne rozpatrywanie przez Sejm sprzeciwu lub poprawek Senatu.
-sejm może odrzucić poprawki lub weto Senatu bezwzględna większością głosów albo je przyjąć, i tak poprawioną ustawę skierować do prezydenta

5. Podpisanie (lub nie) ustawy przez prezydenta.
Uchwalona przez SiS ustawa jest kierowana do prezydenta przez MS. Prezydent może ustawę:
-podpisać (max.21 dni) i zarządzić jej opublikowanie w "DU",
-odmówić podpisania i:
a)skierować do TK z zapytaniem o zgodność jej treści z konstytucją, jeśli TK orzeknie, że jest niezgodna z konstytucją, wtedy prezydent jej nie podpisuje, jeśli że zgodna - prezydent MUSI ją podpisać

b) odmówić podpisania i skierować ponownie do Sejmu (weto ustawodawcze)

6. Odrzucenie (lub nie) weta.
1. Sejm odrzuca weto kwalifikowaną większością 3/5 głosów, prezydent musi w ciągu 7 dni podpisać ustawę,
2. brak 3/5 - ustawa odrzucona

7. Podpisanie ustawy przez prezydenta i zarządzenie publikacji w "DU RP"

8. Ogłoszenie ustawy w "DU RP" - ustawa wchodzi w życie w ciągu 14 dni od jej ogłoszenia, jeśli w ustawie nie wskazano innego terminu, vacatio legis (okres między datą ogłoszenia ustawy i datą wejścia jej w życie) wynosi zwykle 15-30 dni.

work around We can work around your schedule so that you will
work at The only reason I speak French so well is that I really work at it.
work in
To fit into a schedule, especially a busy schedule. Yes, Mr. Schmitz, it looks like we can
work you in at 1:30 today for an appointment.
b) To blend into or add gradually, especially using your hands. After you make the dough
you have to work in the other ingredients until everything is blended.
c) To add or introduce, especially a topic in a conversation. / wanted to talk about the
money Dan owed me, but I couldn't work it into the conversation.
work on
To focus on something, to do something attentively. He just may be up
all night working on this report.
work out
To work to resolve a problem, especially in cooperation with someone else. Ray
and Jolene are seeing a marriage counselor to try to work out their marital
problems.

to give sb a hand = to help him out
to dress down /in causal clothes/ or - to dress up (to put on clothes that are more formal than the clothes you usually wear)
it's blue Monday :(
it was the tough course but we stick it out!
headhunter = chasseur m de têtes.
inception
incentive
This student lacks incentive. - Cet étudiant manque de motivation.

1. to give sb the incentive to do sth= donner envie à qn de faire;
   2. there is no incentive for people to save = rien n'incite les gens à faire des économies;

entice = to persuade sb to do sth by offering them an advantage
transitive verb (with offer, charms, prospects) attirer;
(with food, money) appâter.

Not too long ago, U.S. banks were offering incentives to entice clients into using ATM
machines.

Pay back.
a) To pay someone money that is owed. Don't I always pay you back when I borrow
money from you?
b) To get revenge for something. Hannah finally paid her brother back for a joke he'd
played on her ten years earlier.
Pay down.
a) To pay money in order to decrease a debt. It takes a long time to pay down the interest
on credit card debt.
b) To pay a portion of the total price at the time of a purchase and to agree to pay the rest
in installments. (Also: put down.) We'll have to pay $1500 down on a new car and then
make payments for five years.
Pay off.
a) To pay a debt in full. Tom paid off his student loans after 15 years.
b) To bribe someone. Mr. Fallows is paying off the building inspectors so they overlook the
violations they find.
pay sth in=to put money into your bank account
Pay out.
To distribute money or wages. Your insurance plan will pay out if you are injured on the
job.
Pay up.
To pay money owed, as for a bet or a bill. Ok. you lost. Pay up!

-pay sb a compliment
-pay your way

TRIOS ;)

appreciated

1. Though the movie was widely ...... across the country, the sales were a disappointment for the studio.

2. For a woman to get …………………………in the business world seems to be a tall order in predominantly male environment.

3. This web site was shut down soon after the Internet provider realized it ………………………..extreme views inciting violence.

blow

1. It was one of the gang's members that ……………………… the agent's cover as he'd seen him in uniform before.

2. Feeling tired, Lind put away the book,……………………… out the candle and went to sleep.

3. Separatists…………………… up several bridges in the province sending a violent message to the capital.

support

1. The latest evidence doesn't……………………….. the initial assumptions. We need to change the way we've thought about the process.

2. I'm really grateful to you for your affection and ………………………..I received throughout the recovery.

3. Chris had to work hard as he had a wife and three children to …………………………….. .

notice

1. I didn't know about her problems. They never came to my …………………

2. The ……………………… on the wall of the building said 'No entry'.

3. It is next to impossible to organize relief at such short ……………… . We need some more time to make it work.

eye

1. When in the pub, Frank usually ………………………..up attractive girls sitting at the tables which makes his wife see red.

2. I'm sorry I'm so busy at the moment. I'm up to my…………………. in work.

3. You've got to be very careful doing business with that Russian. He's a bit fishy. I advise you to have ……………………… in the back of your head.

empty

1. I'll tell you something, Jane. Never trust men. They only offer …………………… promises which they don't keep.

2. Despite his achievements, the athlete strongly believed that his life was ………………….. and devoid of any purpose whatsoever.

3. Did the customs officers really ask you to …………………….. your pockets and show their contents?

sign

1. Would you be so kind as to………………….. on the dotted line? I need to have your consent in black and white.

2. After much deliberation, the president decided to…………………….. the new legislation into law.

3. It took Miriam only a few days to learn the rudiments of ………………. language to help the deaf.

1. The country prides itself on having the most national parks and ……………………….reserves in the world and has often been given as an example for others to follow.

2. Fiona gave the ………………………away when she began giggling behind his back. This made him suspicious.

3. They were sitting in the armchairs hunching over the desk and playing a …………………… of chess.

shadow

1. He planned to stay in the box with 1000 scorpions for three months, an act which was supposed to put all the other entertainers in the ………………… .

2. When the sun reached its zenith, they wanted to find some ……………………. to escape from its scorching rays.

3. The artist uses a combination of light and …………………….. in his drawings to highlight certain recurring cycles in our lives.

course

1. The grass on the golf ……………………… was perfectly groomed and beckoned those willing to have a game that morning.

2. The GP prescribed a ……………………….. of injections that was to stop the spread of the infection.

3. After an aggressive advertising campaign, the university saw a steady flow of candidates enrolling on the ……………………….

nato

NATO - dziś 26 państw
-1949, Waszyngton
10 państw Europy (Kraje Beneluxu, Włochy, wielka Brytania, Islandia, Norwegia, Dania, Portugalia, Francja ) + Kanada i Stany Zjednoczone
-siedziba (od 1967) - Bruksela

w NATO

• od 1952 : Turcja i Grecja
  

• od 1955: NIEMCY

• od 1982: Hiszpania

• od 1999: Polska, Czechy, Węgry

• od 2004: Estonia, Łotwa, Litwa, Słowacja, Rumunia, Bułgaria, Słowenia

-w kolejce : Chorwacja, Macedonia, Albania, Gruzja, Ukraina

początkowy cel: zwiększenie zdolności obronnej państw sprzymierzonych przed ekspansją ZSRR

każdemu z członków daje poczucie bezpieczeństwa,


Najważniejsze organy NATO:
Rada Północnoatlantycka - przedst. państw czł. + SG Paktu, raz/tydzień, sprawy najważniejsze- jednomyślne

Komitet Wojskowy- szefowie sztabów państw członkowskich, koord. w kwestiach militarnych

KPO - polityjka wojskowa NATO

GPN- forum konsultacyjne (spory broni jądrowej)

SG (4-l.)


sprawa Polska
-12.03.1999, Independence, stan Missouri, Geremek podpisał akt, również Czechy i Węgry . był to "powrót trzech środkowoeuropejskich narodów do europejskiej cywilizacji" -NYT, Havel : wierzymy, że stając się członkami NATO nie będziemy przez nikogo okupowani"
-
korzyści :
-gwarancja stabilizacji i rozwoju
-jesteśmy cenieni politycznie i WIARYGODNI militarnie,
-zabezpieczyliśmy granice, po ponad 200 latach zakończyliśmy okres niepewności i przyszłość polityczną i militarną
-udowodniliśmy , że jesteśmy lkrajem o stabilnej demokracji, co przyciągnęło do nas zagranicznych inwestorów,
-umocniliśmy pozycję na arenie międzynarodowej,
-ułożyliśmy w sposób dość partnerski nasze stosunki z Rosją

-opuszczenie 'szarej strefy', powstałą po rozpadzie bloku sowieckiego w Europie Wschodniej i Środkowej,
-aspekt symboliczno-psychologiczny : porzuciliśmy ład jałtański i powrót do zachodniej cywilizacji
-odejście od nakazowo-rozdzielczego systemu UW, w którym nie decydowaliśmy o sobie
-uzyskaliśmy możliwość realnego wpływu na decyzje w sferze bezpieczeństwa kraju oraz sojuszników, bo w NATO obowiązuje zasada konsensusu.
-wymiar technologiczny i sfera teorii obronności: możliwość skorzystania z dorobku zachodu ( w tym USA) , konsekwencja : współczesne oblicze Wojska Polskiego: zmiana metod szkolenia, cała struktura, większość uzbrojenia

Najpierw wykrwawiliśmy się w II WŚ, potem zainstalowano nam zgubny system komunistyczny . Dziś jesteśmy dobrym, sprawdzonym w walce i solidarności partnerem w silnej grupie państw, które łączy wspólne bezpieczeństwo.

OPERACJE NATO:
1991r. - przyjęto Koncepcję Strategicznego Sojuszu, która przewidywała możliwość uczestniczenia w operacjach pokojowych.
najważniejsze:
1. BiH - 1994
pierwsza akcja bojowa NATO od powstania sojuszu
28.02. - 2 samoloty F-16 NATO zestrzeliły 4 serbkie samoloty dokonujące nalotu bombowego
sierpień-wrzesień - atak na różne cele by wymusić na Serbach zaprzestanie ataków na ich przeciwników
po podpisaniu układu pokojowego w Dayton siły NATO, od stycznia 1996, w ramach misji IFOR i SFOR ustabilizowały sytuację w regionie.
Misja położyła kres masakrom i czystkom etnicznym, od 2002 siły SFOR redukowane, ich misja zakończona pod koniec '04 i zastąpione misją UE (operacja "Althea")

2. Kosowo -1999 r.
od stycznia przeprowadzanie szeregu ataków lotniczych na Serbię (gł. Belgrad)- cel: zakończenie konfliktu między Armią Wyzwolenia Kosowa a serbskimi władzami, siłami policyjnymi i armią. naloty niewidzialnych amer F-117 - zrzucały bomby grafitowe na linie wysokiego napięcia-paraliż energii-zaw. pokoju
od 06.1999 50 tys. żołnierzy KFOR zastąpiło serbską armię

3. Operacje morskie "Active Endeavour"-monitorowanie akwenów MŚ, od czasu ataku na WTC. Poza siłami okręty wojenne : m.in. Izrael, Rosja, Ukraina.

4. Afganistan - od 2001
misja ISAF - cel: wsparcie rządu afgańskiego w zapewnieniu oraz utrzymaniu bezpieczeństwa w kraju a także pomoc w jego odbudowie
jako że siły fundamentalistów islamskich otrzymują wsparcie z rejonu pogranicza pakistańsko-afgańskiego , jest to najtrudniejsza i najbardziej priorytetowa misja NATO. Polska - 1600 żołnierzy

5.Irak od 2004
misja szkoleniowa

6. Darfur od 2005
wspieranie logistyczne misji pokojowej w tym regionie Sudanu
zakończenie - 2007, z opcją wznowienia

siła
NATO:4,108 mln żołnierzy : 2x więcej niż armia Chin i 4xwięcej od sił zbr. Rosji

CPE/ CAE

1 John has hinted that he doesn't wish to remain in the group any longer.

hint

John has given a hint that he wishes to remain in the group.

2 Five actors were competing for the leading role in the play.

contention

There was a contention between five actors for the leading role in the play.

3 A spokesman said that the story was pure speculation.

dismissed

The story IS DISSMISED to be no more than speculation by a spokesman.

4 She was concentrating so hard on her work that she didn't notice when I came in.

wrapped

She was wrapped up in her work that she didn't notice when I came in.

5 They still haven't found out what caused the accident.

cause

They have yet ...what the cause of the accident was.

6 1 reluctantly signed the contract.

signature

It was with reluctant that I made a signature on the contract.

7 Suzanne is far superior to me in terms of technical knowledge.

match

When it comes to technical knowledge, I am not match for Suzanne.

8 Anthony wasn't at all discouraged by this bad experience.

Put

This bad experience didn't put us off at least.

9 The company lent us an apartment as part of the deal.

loan

As part of the deal, we were given a loan by the company.

10 1 always enjoy this film, no matter how often I see it.

tire

However I SEE this film often, I am never tire of this film.

11 1 don't know why Fred made such an extraordinary decision.

prompted

I don't a decision.

12 Inefficient treatment of customers creates a bad impression of the company.

reflects

Treating customers with a lack ................................................................ the company.

13 The organizers planned everything as carefully as they could possibly have done.

utmost

Everything was planned ..................................................................... by the organizers.

14 Coming second didn't make her feel any better because she only wanted to win.

consolation

Coming second ................................................................. was all that mattered to her.

15 1 promised him that the situation would not be repeated in the future.

word

I ................................................................. no repetition of the situation in the future.

16 Tim tried to be like one of his heroes when he was a young musician.

modelled

As ......................................................................................................... one of his heroes.

17 Diane finds that creating things stops her from thinking about her work.

mind

Diane finds that being ...................................................................................... her work.

18 1 tried not to get involved in that situation.

mixed

I tried to avoid ........................................................................................... that situation.

19 After announcing his resignation, he said that he had done nothing improper.

deny

After announcing his resignation, he went ..................................................... improper.

20 1 had to go to an expert and ask her to advise me.

seek

I was forced ................................................................................................expert.

21 1 realized that I was in a terrible position and I wasn't to blame for it.

fault

Through .............................................................................. myself in a terrible position.

22 I'm doubtful that this plan is very realistic.

reservations

I ........................................................................................................ realistic this plan is.

23 Francis chose computing rather than marketing for his next course.

preference

Francis opted .................................................................. marketing for his next course.

24 Presumably you're still interested in travelling this summer.

lost

I take ........................................................................................... travelling this summer.

25 Eventually, Jim admitted that he was responsible for the error.

owned

Eventually, it ................................................................. been responsible for the error.

26 Without your assistance, I could never have done this job so well.

assisted

Had ......................................................... , I could never have done this job so well.

27 The manager praised one particular player.

singled

One particular player ................................................................ praise by the manager.

28 He denied the accusation unconvincingly, which made me think he was guilty.

led

His ........................................................................................ believe that he was guilty.

29 There came a time when I completely ran out of patience.

stage

I ................................................................................................ more patience left.

30 Once I had made sure there was no reason to be afraid, I went ahead.

fear

Having satisfied ....................................................................................... , I went ahead.

31 It is likely that she will get very angry when she finds out.

liable

She ............................................................................................... fit when she finds out.

32 Being inexperienced was a disadvantage to her when she applied for promotion.

counted

Her ............................................................................... when she applied for promotion.

some vocab
1) JUMBLE
1. To mix in a confused way; throw together carelessly: jumble socks in a heap.

2. To muddle; confuse: The rapid-fire questioning jumbled the witness's thoughts.

v.intr.

To be mixed in a confused way: dividers to keep the files from jumbling.

n.

1. A confused or disordered mass: a jumble of paper scraps.

2. A disordered state; a muddle: receipts in a jumble.

2) bigotry
obtuse or narrow-minded intolerance, especially of other races or religions.

3)clay - a very fine-grained soil that is plastic when moist but hard when fired

The facts were not all made public at the time.
later
Only later were the facts all made public.
c) The response to our appeal was so great that we had to take on more staff.
response
Such was a response to our appeal that we had to
take on more staff.
d) Harry broke his leg, and also injured his shoulder.
but
Not only did Harry break his leg but he also injured his shoulder.
e) The police didn't suspect at all that the judge was the murderer.
did
Little did the police suspect the judge as being the murderer.
f) The bus driver cannot be blamed for the accident in any way.
held
In NO WAY can the bus driver be held responsible for the accident.
g) If the government raised interest rates, they would lose the election.
raise
Were the government to raise interest rates, they would
lose the election,
h) As soon as I got home, I realised I'd left my bag in the shops.
had
No sooner had I got home than I realised I'd left my
bag in the shops,
i) It was only when I asked a passer-by that I realised where I was.
did
Not until I asked a passer-by, did I realise where I was.
j) The minister was interrupted just after starting his speech.
when
Hardly had the minister started his speech when he was interrupted.

1 We must take as much advantage as possible of any opportunity to speak English.
most
We have to MAKE the most of any opportunity to
speak English.

2 Honestly, I don’t mind where we go for our summer holidays.
matter
Honestly, it doesn't matter to me where we go
for our summer holidays.

3 Could you speak English when you were younger?
able
When you were younger,were you able to
speak English?

4 What’s the answer to sixteen minus eight?
away
If you take away eight from sixteen, what’s the
answer?

5 Three hundred students entered the swimming competition last year.
part
Three hundred students took part in the
swimming competition last year.

6 The students will finish their English course at the end of June.
have
The English course will have finised by the
beginning of July.

7 There will be no more oil available in this area in 2030.
run
Oil supplies in this area will (have) run out by
the year 2031.

8 My sister doesn’t like computer games very much.
keen
My sister isn't very keen on computer games.

9 ‘Did you eat the chocolates?’ Maria said to Peter.
asked
Maria asked Peter if he had eaten the chocolates.

10 Bob hadn’t seen his uncle for several years.
gone
After several years had gone by, Bob saw
his uncle again.

11 I needed a cup of coffee this morning but I didn’t have time for one.
done
I could have done with a cup of coffee this
morning but I didn’t have time for one.

12 I’m not going to tolerate this untidiness any longer.
up
I have no intention of putting up with this
untidiness any longer.

13 We went for a walk although it was raining yesterday.
spite
We went for a walk in spite of the rain
yesterday.

14 I’m sure it will be raining tomorrow.
bound
It is bound to be raining tomorrow.

15 Could I borrow some change for the telephone?
lend
Could you lend me some change for the
telephone?

16 It’s ages since my sister and I had an argument.
out
My sister and I haven't fallen out for ages.

17 We are friends although we have disagreements about some things.
despite
We are friends despite the fact that we disagree
about some things.

18 Has John caught a cold?
down
Can you tell me if john has come down with
a cold?

19 I was really bored by the film last night.
found
I found the film really boring last night.

20 I think it’s time the children went to bed now.
had
I think the children had better go to bed
now.

21 The problem we were faced with was a serious one.
came
The problem we came up against was a
serious one.

22 It was a mistake not to apply for the job.
wish
I wish I 'd applied for the job.

23 Being rich has no connection with being happy.
nothing
Being rich has nothing to do with being happy.

24 I can’t wait to see the sights in London.
forward
I am waiting forward to seeing the sights in London.

25 The tourist trade is much better now than it was last month.
picked
The tourist trade has picked up noticeably
since last month.

26 Governments should preserve all the world’s languages.
ought
All the world’s languages ought to be preserved by
governments.

27 The tennis players’ match is still going on.
finished
The tennis players haven't finished the match yet.

28 What time does your plane land tomorrow?
when
Can you tell when your plane lands tomorrow?

29 The family always spent their holidays climbing in the mountains.
used
The family’s holidays used to be spent
climbing in the mountains.

30 Physical exercise won’t hurt you if you are careful.
do
Physical exercise won’t do you any harm if
you are careful.

31 How does a rock climber differ from a mountaineer?
between
What is the difference between a rock climber and a
mountaineer?

32 This new dining table is bigger than the one we had before.
not
The dining table we had before was not as big as
this new one.

33 It was not a good idea for you to refuse the offer of that job.
down
You should not have turned down the offer of that job.

34 My teacher suggested that I spent the summer in England.
advised
My teacher advised me to spend the summer in
England.

35 The film is not as interesting as the novel was.
much
The novel is much more interesting than the film.

36 Will your neighbours look after your dog when you go away?
take
Do you know if your neighbours
will take care of your dog when you go away?

37 Tom, wouldn’t it be a good idea to take the students swimming tomorrow?
how
Tom, how about taking the students
swimming tomorrow?

38 Miss Jones first came to teach us a month ago.
for
Miss Jones has been teaching us for a month now.

39 We are noticing a rise in the cost of living again.
appears
The cost of living appears to be rising again.

40 While we were going home, we had an accident.
way
We were on our way to home when we had an
accident.

41 I’m worried about that bruise on your hand.
look
I don’t like the look of that bruise on your hand.

42 Susan has had no success with her plans to work abroad, unfortunately.
through
Susan’s plans to work abroad have fallen through ,
unfortunately.

43 ‘Don’t forget to phone tomorrow,’ said my mother.
told
My mother told me not to forget to phone the
next day.

44 ‘Did anyone notice anything unusual?’ asked the police officer.
if
The police officer wanted to know if anyone had noticed
anything unusual.

45 Whatever you do, don’t lift that heavy suitcase.
up
I’d advise you not to pick up that heavy
suitcase.

46 Maybe John has not remembered about tonight’s party.
could
I suppose John could have forgotten about
tonight’s party.

47 You should not think that the accident was your fault.
blame
It would be wrong to blame yourself for the
accident.

48 I am sure Maria finds reading interesting because she has lots of books.
must
Maria must be interested in reading because she
has lots of books.

49 I hope you were not discouraged by Sandra from going to the concert.
put
I hope Sandra didn't put you off going to the
concert.

50 I have been to this restaurant three times now.
time
This is the third time I have been to this
restaurant now.

51 I am so exhausted that I won’t be able to go out tonight.
too
I too exhausted to go out tonight.

52 The runners had a difficult time competing in the race.
part
The runners who took part in the race
had a difficult time.

53 Do you know when the race is being held next year?
place
When is the race taking place next year?

54 It will be necessary to send this letter first class.
have
This letter have to be sent first class.

55 ‘Are you waiting to be served?’ said the waitress to me.
asked
The waitress asked me if I was waiting to be
served.

56 Buying those jeans was not a sensible thing for me to do yesterday.
only
If only I had not bought those jeans yesterday.


57 The owner established the company in 2001.
up
The company was set up by the owner in 2001.

58 We booked seats but it was not necessary because there was plenty of room.
booked
We needn't have booked seats because there was
plenty of room.

59 It is difficult for Paul to decide what to do.
mind
Paul finds it difficult to make up his mind what to do.

60 Bad weather delayed the building project for several weeks.
set
The building project was set BACK for
several weeks by the bad weather.

61 Sara cleaned every bit of her room before her cousin came to stay.
top
Sara cleaned her room from top to bottom
before her cousin came to stay.

62 Travelling by bus is cheaper than travelling by train.
more
Travelling by train is more expensive than travelling
by bus.

63 Leaving school made me realise that my childhood was over.
brought
Leaving school brought it home to me that my
childhood was over.

64 I never find time to tidy my desk.
round
I never get round to tidying my desk.

65 Please behave as if you are in your own house during your stay.
make
I’d like you all to make yourselves at home during
your stay.

66 I am not tall enough to reach the top of this cupboard.
taller
If I were taller, I would reach the top of this
cupboard.

67 I’d like you to connect me to the managing director’s extension number.
through
Could you put me through to the managing
director’s extension number?

68 To tell the truth, we need a swimming pool for this school.
what
To tell the truth,what we need is a
swimming pool for this school.

69 Do you know whose this umbrella is, by any chance?
belongs
Do you know who this umbrella belongs to, by any chance?

70 Was it Paul’s idea to go to the cinema?
came
Was it Paul who came up with the idea of going
to the cinema?

71 The boats began to move slowly out of the harbour.
way
The boats slowly made their way out of the
harbour.

72 One runner did not succeed in finishing the race.
able
One runner wasn't able to finish the race.

73 It is not my fault that the glass broke.
blame
You cannot blame me for breaking the glass.

74 I am starting to find watching television boring.
fed
I am beginning to get fed up with watching
television.

75 Bad weather makes me feel really unhappy in the winter.
down
Bad weather really gets me down in the winter.

76 Fog delayed my flight to Moscow this morning.
up
My flight to Moscow was held up by fog this
morning.

77 Help was urgently needed in the flooded area of the country.
need
They were in urgent need of help in the flooded
area of the country.

78 I went to Italy with the intention of learning Italian.
that
I went to Italy so that I could learn Italian.

79 Remember to return the videos you have rented.
back
Don’t forget to bring/take back the videos you have
rented.

80 While we were going home yesterday we got caught in a thunderstorm.
way
We got caught in a thunderstorm while we were
on our way home yesterday.

81 Has Mary altered her decision about moving to the countryside?
mind
Do you know if Mary has changed her mindabout
moving to the countryside?

82 I’d like Kevin to stop telling me what to do.
wish
I wish Kevin would stop telling me what to do!

83 ‘Are you pleased it’s nearly half-term?’ said the teacher to us.
know
The teacher wanted to know if we were pleased
it was nearly half-term.

84 We are earning less than we are spending, I’m afraid.
expenditure
Our expenditure is greater than our income, I’m afraid.

85 I don’t think having luxuries in life is necessary.
necessity
I don’t see any(the) necessity of having luxuries in life.

86 I don’t earn anything like the amount I did before.
nowhere
I earn nowhere near as much as I did before.

87 The date for the Barcelona Conference is the 23rd of March.
place
The Barcelona Conference takes place ON
the 23rd of March.

88 The house was not very attractive in appearance when we first saw it.
much
The house was not much to look at when we
first saw it.

89 No-one wants to buy this type of music any more.
longer
There is no longer any demand for this type of music.

90 Looking back, I think I was right to study mathematics at university.
regret
Looking back, I don't regret studying mathematics
at university.

91 Our spending will have to be reduced next year.
back
We will have to cut back on our spending
next year.

92 The children were absolutely certain that the film would be fantastic.
doubt
There was no doubt in the minds of the children
that the film would be fantastic.

93 Did anyone raise the subject of the school trip?
brought
Can you tell me if anyone brought up the subject
of the school trip?

94 I started learning English three years ago.
been
I ' ve been learning English for three years.

95 They are moving our oral examination to an earlier date.
forward
Our oral examination is being moved forward to an
earlier date.

96 ‘Do you want to go for a walk?’ asked Bob.
felt
Bob asked me if I felt like going for a walk.


97 Olivia did not concentrate so she made a lot of mistakes.
would
If Olivia had concentrated she would have made fewer mistakes.

98 Do you happen to know the time of the next train to London?
could
I wonder if you could tell me the time of the
next train to London.

99 The children are always fascinated by nature programmes on TV.
find
The children find always nature prohrammes fascinating when they
watch them on TV.

100 ‘What about going for a swim?’ said John to me.
should
John said we should go for a swim.

1 They’re going to get rid of all these small shops when they build the new supermarket.
with
They’re going to do away with all these small shops when they build the new supermarket.

2 It’s your decision whether we stay in or go out.
up
It’s up to you whether we stay in or go out.

3 I know I’ve done really badly in that test.
mess
I know I’ve really made a mess of that test.

4 Jerry and his boss work really well together.
relationship
Jerry has a really good relationship with his colleagues.


5 I think that I’m going to win this competition.
feeling
I .have a/the feeling that I’m going to win this competition.

6 My parents don’t think my ideas are important at all.
seriously
My parents don’t take my ideas seriously at all.

7 Jill doesn’t often walk to college.
unusual
It’s unusual for Jill towalk to college.

8 My grandmother always found the new coins strange when the euro was introduced.
used
My grandmother never got used to the new coins when the euro was introduced.

9 My dad always talks when I’m watching my favourite TV programme.
habit
My dad has a habit OF talking when I’m watching my favourite TV programme.


10 I usually say exactly what I’m thinking.
tendency
I have a tendancy to say exactly what I’m thinking.

1 If she hadn’t helped me, I couldn’t have finished the decorating.
able
If she hadn’t helped me, I wouldn’t HAVE BEEN able to finish the decorating.

2 I won’t lend you my skirt unless you promise to look after it.
if
I won’t lend you my skirt if you don't promise to look after it.

3 Jim said he would tidy the house only if Ruth helped him.
not
Jim said he would not tide the house unless Ruth helped him.

4 I didn’t feel hungry, despite missing dinner.
even
I didn’t feel hungry,even though I had missed dinner.

5 Carmen regretted not visiting her grandmother more while she was alive.
wished
Carmen wished she had visited her grandmother more while she was alive.

6 You might become rich, but you still wouldn’t be happy.
even
You wouldn’t be happy even if you became rich.

7 Don became very wealthy by selling used cars.
fortune
Don made a/his fortune FROM selling used cars.

8 Kira didn’t say anything about her illness last night.
made
Kira made no mention of/ made no reference to her illness last night.

9 Hal found something unexpectedly when he cleared out the attic.
discovery
Hal made an unexpected discovery when he cleared out the attic.

10 I didn’t want to create difficulties for Robin by mentioning our disagreement.
cause
I didn’t want to cause Robin a problem/ any problems by mentioning our disagreement.

some voca

1) to be cited - to be summoned to appear in court.
->The police could cite you for ittering if you throw trash out of your car.

2)to be indicted - to be charged with a crime.
->R.Hayward was indicted for espionage when..

3)ordinance-(fr. ordonnance (règle loi) ) = a law/regulation , usually passed by a local government.
->The city council passed an ordinance permetting the use of marijuana by cancer patients.

4)clemency - a lesser penalty than what a court originally suggested.
->thinking that R.Smith had suffered enough for the crime he committed, the judge granted him clemency and gave him a shorter prison sentence.

5)To induce. To influence someone to do something. Robbie's older brother induced him to steal mondey from their parents.

6)To solicit. To ask for something of value, usually money. Raymond got a job soliciting
money for his political party.

7)Waiver. A document that gives up a right or grants unusual permission to someone
else. Juan signed a waiver giving his doctor the right to send his medical records to his
insurance company. (=dokument zrzeczenia się )

8)Custody. Having legal guardianship of a child or children, often part of a divorce
settlement. When the Camerons divorced, Mrs. Cameron received custody of both
children, and her husband won weekend visitation rights.

9)Pamper. To give a lot of care and attention to someone. When Sally is depressed she
pampers herself with a shopping spree. *fr-choyer*

1E PHRASAL VERBS WITH PICK
Pick up.
a) To take something up off of a surface. Pick your coat up off the floor.
b) To meet and collect a person from a specific location. Who's going to pick Henry up at
the airport?
c) To buy something Jordan picked up some milk on the way home.
*Note that to pick up a person can also mean to meet someone, usually at a public place such as a bar or
night club, and to become sexually involved with him or her after spending only a short time together.
Pick out.
a) To select, to choose. Melissa picked out a shirt and brought it to the dressing room.
b) To separate from. If you break a wine glass, make sure you pick all of the glass out of the
carpet.
Pick over. (przebrać)
To take the best of something and leave what is not so good. The shirts have been on
sale so long that they've really been picked over.
Pick on.
To tease. My sisters and brothers always picked on me because I was the youngest.
Pick from.
To choose from a group of something. Mrs. Stefanson picked a new assistant from the
group of applicants for the job.
Pick at.
a) To take only very small amounts of food. Jessica ate almost everything on her plate, but
she only picked at her peas.
b) To scratch or irritate something, such as a cut or scrape. Don't pick at that cut! Let it heal.
Pick up on.
To understand something, especially something that isn't intended to be understood.
They spoke in Spanish in front of Dorothy, so she didn't pick up on what they were
talking about.
*Note that pick up, pick out, pick from, and pick over are separable. Billy picked out the raisins or Billy picked
them/the raisins out, but not Billy picked out them. Pick on, pick at, and pick up on are not separable.

PHRASAL VERBS WITH TURN
Turn around.
To go back in the opposite direction. Turn around! We just passed the theater.
Turn down.
a) To lower the power of something, such as lights or volume. Turn down the TV! It's too loud.
b) To enter a road, especially a secondary road thought of as leading to a lower place. You need to
turn down this road and continue to the bottom of the hill.
c) To refuse. It was a great job offer, but I had to turn it down because it was too much
work.
Turn in.
a) To leave a street or highway and enter a driveway, parking lot, etc. / think you can turn in here,
where the sign says PARK.
b) To go to bed. Lawrence usually turns in around 70.00 P.M. because he wakes up so early.
c) To give an assignment or paperwork to a boss or a teacher; to submit. Bethany turned in her
paper just as the professor was leaving.
d) To report someone to the police. When Robert heard about his brother's crimes, he turned him
in.
Turn into.
To become (used with nouns) Jason got a promotion and turned into a real jerk!
Turn off.
a) To stop an electronic device. Turn off the TV, because I can't sleep with it on.
b) To exit a road or freeway. / think you should turn off at the next exit.
c) To be unappealing. This music is horrible! It really turns me off.
Turn on.
a) To start an electronic device. Our show is on in two minutes, so turn on the TV.
b) To drive onto a street, highway, or freeway. Why don't we turn on this road and just see where it
goes?

2.5. Państwo a gospodarka

Funkcje państwa w gospodarce rynkowej:
alokacyjna,redystrybucyjna, regulacyjna, stabilizacyjna, przeciwdziałanie korupcji

Interwencjonizm:
sejm i senat-ustanawianie podatków,
prezydent-podpisuje budżet i inne ustawy gospodarcze,
RM-opracowuje projekt ustawy budż. i realizuje budżet
NBP
RPP - realizuje politykę pieniężną państwa, m.in. ustala stopy procentowe
NIK-nadzoruje gospodarność organów admin. państwowej, samorządów i przedsiębiorstw realizujących zadania państwowe

Zadania NBP: 1)utrzymywanie stabilnego poziomu cen
2)wspieranie polityki gospodarczej rządu
3)gospodarowanie rewizami dewizowymi,
4)emisja pieniądza
5)bankowa obsługa budżetu państwa

Formy interencjonizmu:
-inwestycje państwowe (cel : pobudzić koniunkturę i zmniejszyć bezrobocie)
-dotacje
-regulacje cen (ustalenie ceny min. (pozwala ustabilizować dochody producentów) i max.(ochr, konsumenta))
-protekcjonizm (ochrona przed konkurencją z zagranicy poprzez ograniczanie importu i wspieranie eksportu) , środki: cła, kontyngenty (max ilośc towaru jaką można sprowadzić z zagranicy), embargo , wysokie normy jakości, ulgi i zwolnienia podatkowe, subsydia
-polityka fiskalna (budżetowa) (cele:ograniczenie lub hamowanie inflacji, przysp. wzrostu gospodarczego, walka z bezrobociem i ubóstwem, wyrównywanie poziomu życia)
-polityka pieniężna

+ zw. zatrudnienia,zwiększenie zysków producentów krajowych, poprawa bilansu handlowego
- wzrost cen na rynku, ograniczenia dostępu do wielu produktów, niebezpieczeństwo reciproku przez państwa, wobec których politykę protekcjonistyczną zastosowano

budżet=plan wydatków i sposób ich finansowania (->deficyt lub nadwyżka)
funkcje: fiskalna, stymulacyjna, redystrybucyjna
zasady:uprzedniości, równowagi budżetowej, roczności, zupełności, jawności
źródło dochodów budżetu:podatki (VAT) pit, cit, cła(akcyza), dochody jednostek budżetowych, wypłaty z NBP,

Podział podatków ze względu na sposób naliczania:
progresywne (im wyższy dochód, tym wyższa stawka podatkowa)
liniowe (stawka podatkowa niezależna od dochodu)
dygresywne
kwotowe

zadłużenie:

• Edward Gierek, lata 70. XXw. - program modernizacji kraju, zakonczona fiaskiem
  
• 91 - umowa z Klubem Paryskim - redukcja 50%
  
• 94 - Klub Londyński- redukcja 45%

2.6.Demokracja

historyczne formy:
demokracja antyczna (od końca VI w., polis, char. bezpośredni, republika rzymska, )
chrześcijańskie tradycje demokratyczne (prawo oporu wobec władzy-św. Tomasz z Akwinu)
demokracja szlachecka (II poł. XVI w., szlachta, sejm,tolerancja religijna)

narodziny współczesnej demokracji:zwycięzkie rewolucje burżuacyjne: angielska XVII w. i francuska - XVIII w. - przyznanie parlamentowi znacznych uprawnień, Monteskiusz, Rousseau,
1787 - USA, 1. konstytucja (prez-Kongres) 1789 WRF (PDPCziO), partie polityczne przybierają charakter masowy, zniesienie cenzusu majątkowego, póżniej - płci - NZl 1893, PL 1919

Zasady:

• suwerenność narodu,
• reprezentacji,
• poszanowania praw mniejszości,
• podziału władzy,
• państwa prawa i konstytucjonalizmu,
• pluralizmu,

Funkcje konstytucji: gwarancyjna, organizacyjna, prawna, polityczna, prognostyczna, wychowawcza

Wartości demokratyczne:wolność (pozytywna i negatywna), równość, równość (naturalna, wobez prawa, szans), sprawiedliwość
Cechy państwa demokratycznego:
-władza powoływana na określony czas wyborach,
-legalnie działająca opozycja,
-niezależne i niezawisłe sądy,
-decyzje większością głosów, ale mniejszości też musi być brany pod uwagę,

+gwarantuje poszanowanie praw i wolności jednostki,
+rzadziej wszczyna wojny - pokazuje historia,
+duży zakres wolności, możliwość samorealizacji,

-dłuższy proces decyzyjny

2.7. Demokracja bezpośrednia:
referendum
inicjatywa ludowa
weto ludowe
recall
plebiscyt
ZN

formy w PL:
obywatelska inicjatywa ustawodawcza (podpis 100 tys. obywateli)
referendum ogólnokrajowe (500 tys.- nie może dotyczyć wydatków i dochodów państwa, obronności i amnestii) - przez PKW
referendum lokalne (10% mieszkańców gminy/powiatu i województwo 5%)
+bezpośredni wpływ
+umożliwia opozycji wpływanie na bieg spraw państwowych

-przedłuża proces decyzyjny
-mogą prowadzić do osłabienia parlamentu
-kosztowne i trudne do zorganizowania,
-często wykorzystywany przez wł. wykonawczą do wzmocnienia pozycji kosztem ustawodawczej

Pośrednia:
wybory
5przym: powszechności, proporcjonalności, równości, tajności, bezpośredniości

system wyborczy:większościowy (parlament - Francja , USA, GB)
proporcjonalny (Polska, Holandia)
mieszany (Niemcy)

2.9.
Prawa i obowiązki obywatela RP:
Prawa osobiste: ochrona życia, zakaz stosowania tortur, kar cielesnych, wolność sumienia i religii, nietykalność
polityczne: wolność zrzeszania się, prawo wyborcze, do udziału w referendum, składania petycji i skarg
PiW ekonomiczne, socjalne, kulturalne : prawo do własności i dziedziczenia, wyboru zawodu i miejsca pracy, ochrona zdrowia, prawo do nauki, wolność twórczości artystycznej, badań naukjowych i korzystania z dóbr kultury

obowiązki:

• wierność RP i troska o dobro wspólne
• przestrzeganie prawa
• obrona kraju i służba wojskowa
• ponoszenie ciężarów i świadczeń publicznych
• dbałość o środowisko naturalne

cnoty obywatelskie:

dyscyplina wewnętrzna, tolerancja, uspołecznienie, krytycyzm, odpowiedzialność za słowa

kultura polityczna:zaściankowa, poddańcza, uczestnicząca

Kultura polityczna w PL po 89:

• mała aktywność polityczna społeczeństwa (transformacja, piętno PRL-u)
• niechęć i brak zaufania obywateli do polityków,

2.10. Obwywatele w państwach niedemokratycznych

a)państwa autorytarne: represje-więzienie/stosowanie tortór
nie naruszają wolności sumienia czy wyznania, nie narzucają ideologii
systemy te dopuszczają działanie partii i org. opozycyjnych, jednak ogr. możliwość działania,
wybory- najczęściej charakter plebiscytu i fałszowane
niezależne media, choc ich działalnośc ograniczona przez cenzurę

b)totalitarne: łamią większość praw,
prawai wolności osobiste : odrzucane. terror, kontrola wszystkich dziedzin życia społecznego,
system inwilgacji, ograniczona możliwość poruszania po kraji i wyjazdów zagranicznych
narzucenie obywatelom oficjalnej ideologii,
brak tolerancji jakiejkolwiek opozycji, wszystkie organizacje kontrolowane przez państwo
ograniczenie wolności gospodarczej,wszechobecna cenzura, brak niezależnych mediów

2.11. społeczeństwo w p. demokratycznym

• elementy : obywatele, aktywność obyw. , mass media, opinia publiczna, org. społeczne i polityczne, prawo obywatelskiego nieposłuszeństwa

stowarzyszenia : rejestrowane i zwykłe
funkcje, m.in. : mediacyjna, promocja wartości, udział w rządzeniu, inicjowanie zmian społecznych, rozproszenie władzy, f. integracyjna
przykłady:"Caritas", Monar, PCK, "Wspólnota Polska"

Fundacje: WOŚP, La Strada, PAH, PFDiM

Związki Zawodowe (min.10):
NSZZ "S"
OPZZ

Partie polityczne

Ruchy społeczne:
-ekologiczny (od lat 70.) "Greenpeace" "Związek 90/Zieloni" "Klub Gaja"
-alterglobalistyczny
-pacyfistyczny ruch "Wolność i pokój"
-feministyczny

mass media (->)

prawo obywatelskiego nieposłuszeństwa M.L. King

2.12. zagrożenia dla demokracji:

• dyktatura większości
• nietolerancja
• brak szacunku dla prawa i anarchia
• korupcja
• auto- i totalitaryzm
• demokracja fasadowa
• problemy ekonomiczne

-