prospect =the possibility that sth good will happen
hinder = to stop sth/so from making progress
prolonged=lengthened=extended=continued
scope=extent=breadth=range
a myriad= a multitude = abundance
It is now commonplace for people to use..
what renovations/ adjustments should ..
Whereby means "by which means" or "through which."
The woman studied French, whereby she was able to communicate when she
vacationed in France.
They assessed the paraplegic girl's ability to use her legs and determined that she
could learn to use crutches.
The banker assessed the value of the house at $150,000.
I hasten /'heisn/to add that..
enliven=to make sth more interesting/lively
To appeal can mean "to awaken a favorable response; to be interesting to someone."
Hot coffee does not appeal to me when the weather is hot.
Cartoons appeal to small children.
he's been getting private tuition in French.
To acquire something means "to gain or to get something, sometimes as a result of
one's own effort or work."
The doctor recently acquired a new X-ray machine, but the technician was not
happy with the new acquisition.
piątek, 20 marca 2009
convey
- to carry something from one place to
another
-to communicate something
Sensationalism refers to attempts by the media to create public
interest by focusing on shocking subject matter or using shocking
language.
A sensation is also a feeling, but it is usually a bodily feeling rather than a mental or
emotional feeling.
Descending in an elevator gives people the sensation of falling. They have the
sensation of falling.
A sensation can also refer to a person, object, or event of great interest or excitement.
Sensational, the adjective form, has the added meaning "wonderful or terrific."
The Jazz Singer was a sensation.
Al folson was sensational in the starring role.
a sense of rhythm
a sense of direction
a sense of color
a sense of business
Don't mention his grey hair. He's sensitive about it.
Bankers must be sensitive to changes in the economy.
Common sense refers to thinking or behaving in a practical manner.
Someone with common sense would remember to bring a pencil to an examination.
smoking is expressly forbidden
Vision (non-count noun) refers to our sense of sight.
As we age, our vision becomes cloudy.
Visions (count noun) refer to mental pictures. To have visions means "to have mental
pictures, usually of something that is not real." Often these visions reflect a person's
fears or secret hopes.
As she began writing her novel, the author had visions of winning the Nobel Prize
for literature.
To visualize something can also mean to have a mental picture of something not real,
but it more often refers to mental images of things that are real.
As the doctor touched the patient's arm, she visualized the bones and ...
Visual aids are items such as pictures, maps, or
charts used in instruction or demonstration.
The teacher used many visual aids to help his
To affect
something or to have an effect on something
Adults are often criticaJ of teenage styles.
Teenagers are criticized for their styles.
A person who reviews and comments on new films, stage plays,
books, art exhibits, etc., for the media is called a critic.
Although literary critics praised the author's latest novel,
book sales have been poor.
A critique is an evaluation of a literary work or a scholarly
article.
Professors often ask their students to write critiques of
articles from periodicals.
Another meaning of critical is "essential" or "important."
Precise timing is critical when actors perform dangerous movie stunts. Precise
timing is critical to the success of the stunts.
Critical can also mean "serious" or "life-threatening."
Her condition was critical following the accident.
Literature
Students read the literary works of great thinkers. Upon graduating, they were
literary adults.
Illiteracy is a major problem in some countries.
Nowadays, people need to be literate in computers.
literature, literary, literacy, illiteracy, literate, illiterate.
noted (for) - well known and admired : a noted British scientist, he is particularly noted for his short stories
1. illegitimate
The electoral process was seen as being corrupt and ........ . opposition parties are calling for a second vote
2. legitimately
. The police decided that the motorist had argued quite ........ that he hadn't seen the other car coming and decided not to charge him.
3. legitimacy
3. The Government has no ........ as it came to power undemocratically.
to find fault with sb
dominance=significance=prominence
Excessive amounts of minerals will (poison) =contaminate the water supply.
Dieticians suggest that alcoholic beverages are not harmful if consumed in (small
or reasonable amounts). =moderation
When people are overwe.ight, they must be (particular) =selective about their dietary choices.
Food is one of the most (basic)=fundamental of human needs.
From time to time, we enjoy (eating) = dining at fashionable restaurants.
The desire for exotic foods and spices led to the European (search) = pursuit for new lands.
to absorb
The word absorb means "to take in."
They absorbed the good news about their
It can also mean "to accept responsibility for."
She absorbed the cost of repairing the car.
Another meaning is "to suck up in the manner
The dry land quickly absorbed the rain.
When used in reference to a person, this word
engross completely or occupy wholly."
He was absorbed by the book for hours.
Most of the country's natural resources were affected by the disastrous flood.
The children pooled their resources so they could buy a nice gift for the teacher.
The resourceful secretary used paper clips to fix the broken typewriter.
The children survived the famine because of the resourcefulness of their mother
in /inding food.
to consume :
The word consume has several meanings. It can mean "to eat or drink."
The students consumed excessive amounts of beer.
It can also mean "to engross or absorb completely."
The book consumed my attention.
It can also mean "to use up or destroy."
Enormous quantities of gasoline are consumed by American automobiles.
The ingenuity of Robert Noyce led to the development of the integrated circuit
and the microprocessor.
The gas stove was nonexistent before 1880. OR When the gas stove was
nonexistent, cooking was difficult.
Because of the nonexistence of the gas stove, cooking was difficult.
The computer wizard attributed his success to hard work.
Leap year is attributed to the fact that an extra day accumulates over time.
He is pursuing a high school diploma.
Two police cars were in pursuit of the robber.
- to carry something from one place to
another
-to communicate something
Sensationalism refers to attempts by the media to create public
interest by focusing on shocking subject matter or using shocking
language.
A sensation is also a feeling, but it is usually a bodily feeling rather than a mental or
emotional feeling.
Descending in an elevator gives people the sensation of falling. They have the
sensation of falling.
A sensation can also refer to a person, object, or event of great interest or excitement.
Sensational, the adjective form, has the added meaning "wonderful or terrific."
The Jazz Singer was a sensation.
Al folson was sensational in the starring role.
a sense of rhythm
a sense of direction
a sense of color
a sense of business
Don't mention his grey hair. He's sensitive about it.
Bankers must be sensitive to changes in the economy.
Common sense refers to thinking or behaving in a practical manner.
Someone with common sense would remember to bring a pencil to an examination.
smoking is expressly forbidden
Vision (non-count noun) refers to our sense of sight.
As we age, our vision becomes cloudy.
Visions (count noun) refer to mental pictures. To have visions means "to have mental
pictures, usually of something that is not real." Often these visions reflect a person's
fears or secret hopes.
As she began writing her novel, the author had visions of winning the Nobel Prize
for literature.
To visualize something can also mean to have a mental picture of something not real,
but it more often refers to mental images of things that are real.
As the doctor touched the patient's arm, she visualized the bones and ...
Visual aids are items such as pictures, maps, or
charts used in instruction or demonstration.
The teacher used many visual aids to help his
To affect
something or to have an effect on something
Adults are often criticaJ of teenage styles.
Teenagers are criticized for their styles.
A person who reviews and comments on new films, stage plays,
books, art exhibits, etc., for the media is called a critic.
Although literary critics praised the author's latest novel,
book sales have been poor.
A critique is an evaluation of a literary work or a scholarly
article.
Professors often ask their students to write critiques of
articles from periodicals.
Another meaning of critical is "essential" or "important."
Precise timing is critical when actors perform dangerous movie stunts. Precise
timing is critical to the success of the stunts.
Critical can also mean "serious" or "life-threatening."
Her condition was critical following the accident.
Literature
Students read the literary works of great thinkers. Upon graduating, they were
literary adults.
Illiteracy is a major problem in some countries.
Nowadays, people need to be literate in computers.
literature, literary, literacy, illiteracy, literate, illiterate.
noted (for) - well known and admired : a noted British scientist, he is particularly noted for his short stories
1. illegitimate
The electoral process was seen as being corrupt and ........ . opposition parties are calling for a second vote
2. legitimately
. The police decided that the motorist had argued quite ........ that he hadn't seen the other car coming and decided not to charge him.
3. legitimacy
3. The Government has no ........ as it came to power undemocratically.
to find fault with sb
dominance=significance=prominence
Excessive amounts of minerals will (poison) =contaminate the water supply.
Dieticians suggest that alcoholic beverages are not harmful if consumed in (small
or reasonable amounts). =moderation
When people are overwe.ight, they must be (particular) =selective about their dietary choices.
Food is one of the most (basic)=fundamental of human needs.
From time to time, we enjoy (eating) = dining at fashionable restaurants.
The desire for exotic foods and spices led to the European (search) = pursuit for new lands.
to absorb
The word absorb means "to take in."
They absorbed the good news about their
It can also mean "to accept responsibility for."
She absorbed the cost of repairing the car.
Another meaning is "to suck up in the manner
The dry land quickly absorbed the rain.
When used in reference to a person, this word
engross completely or occupy wholly."
He was absorbed by the book for hours.
Most of the country's natural resources were affected by the disastrous flood.
The children pooled their resources so they could buy a nice gift for the teacher.
The resourceful secretary used paper clips to fix the broken typewriter.
The children survived the famine because of the resourcefulness of their mother
in /inding food.
to consume :
The word consume has several meanings. It can mean "to eat or drink."
The students consumed excessive amounts of beer.
It can also mean "to engross or absorb completely."
The book consumed my attention.
It can also mean "to use up or destroy."
Enormous quantities of gasoline are consumed by American automobiles.
The ingenuity of Robert Noyce led to the development of the integrated circuit
and the microprocessor.
The gas stove was nonexistent before 1880. OR When the gas stove was
nonexistent, cooking was difficult.
Because of the nonexistence of the gas stove, cooking was difficult.
The computer wizard attributed his success to hard work.
Leap year is attributed to the fact that an extra day accumulates over time.
He is pursuing a high school diploma.
Two police cars were in pursuit of the robber.
czwartek, 19 marca 2009
counterpart=a person or thing that is similar to another in a different country or organization
frugal=spending little mney and only on things that are really necessary
pristine=which looks very clean, tidy or new
account
To account for means "to give an explanation or reason for something."
on account of = because of
by all accounts = according to
what everyone says (, french is a difficult language to learn)
to take into account/take account of sth/ take sth into consideration
on sb's account= Please, don't stay home on my account.
on no account
The president is accountable for actions that affect the public.
She appeared to be in a reflective mood.
represent=to symbolize
representation= a likeness of
representative=typical
representative (n) who represents
distinct=clear , unmistakable
To the untrained eye, all pigeons look alike, but to ornithologists and birdwatchers,
the distinctiveness of each species is clearly apparent. Not only does each
species have distinctive markings, but each species also makes a distinctive sound. A
distinction is made between pigeons and doves on the basis of size, but there is no real
difference between the two kinds of birds. In general, the larger species are referred to
as pigeons and the smaller ones as doves.
uniformly dark in appearance
some diseases are inherited
through biological heredity
an heir = a person who inherits money/property upon the death of another person
When Tim was named the heir to his grandfather's collection of Chinese art, he decided to learn more about his Chinese heritage.
to inundate = to provide much more of sth than so can easily dealt with = We've been inundated with calls
deity = a god
leap year = l'année bissextile (366)
evenly= in an equal way
heavenly=in/from heaven, informal-extremely nice, enjoyable , or beautiful
I highly regard my ..
I have a high regard for...
Regardless of means "without concern for" or "despite."
Mary continued smoking regardless of the doctor's advice.
The observance of Easter is of religious importance to Christians.
unaffected=sincere and natural in your behaviour = genuine,
the sudden decrease in sales was not foreseen/anticipated/predicted
this business thrived/progressed/prospered during the summer months
frugal=spending little mney and only on things that are really necessary
pristine=which looks very clean, tidy or new
accountTo account for means "to give an explanation or reason for something."
on account of = because of
by all accounts = according to
what everyone says (, french is a difficult language to learn)to take into account/take account of sth/ take sth into consideration
on sb's account= Please, don't stay home on my account.
on no account
The president is accountable for actions that affect the public.
She appeared to be in a reflective mood.
represent=to symbolize
representation= a likeness of
representative=typical
representative (n) who represents
distinct=clear , unmistakable
To the untrained eye, all pigeons look alike, but to ornithologists and birdwatchers,
the distinctiveness of each species is clearly apparent. Not only does each
species have distinctive markings, but each species also makes a distinctive sound. A
distinction is made between pigeons and doves on the basis of size, but there is no real
difference between the two kinds of birds. In general, the larger species are referred to
as pigeons and the smaller ones as doves.
uniformly dark in appearance
some diseases are inherited
through biological heredity
an heir = a person who inherits money/property upon the death of another person
When Tim was named the heir to his grandfather's collection of Chinese art, he decided to learn more about his Chinese heritage.
to inundate = to provide much more of sth than so can easily dealt with = We've been inundated with calls
deity = a god
leap year = l'année bissextile (366)
| vernal equinox | = équinoxe de printemps | ||
evenly= in an equal way
| look before you leap | v | il faut réfléchir avant d'agir | |
| heavenly kingdom (religion) | nm | royaume des cieux (religion ) Królestwo Boże | |
I have a high regard for...
Regardless of means "without concern for" or "despite."
Mary continued smoking regardless of the doctor's advice.
The observance of Easter is of religious importance to Christians.
unaffected=sincere and natural in your behaviour = genuine,
the sudden decrease in sales was not foreseen/anticipated/predicted
this business thrived/progressed/prospered during the summer months
środa, 18 marca 2009
Pékin s'oppose au rachat de Huiyuan par Coca-Cola
[ 18/03/09 - 08H27 - actualisé à 17:19:00 ]
Le gouvernement chinois n'était pas favorable à ce que le leader mondial des boissons gazeuses reprenne le numéro un des jus de fruits en Chine pour 2,4 milliards de dollars, la plus importante somme jamais proposée par des intérêts étrangers pour l'acquisition d'une entreprise chinoise.
Bouteilles de jus Huiyuan dans un supermarché de Chengdu - AFP/Liu Jin
L'OPA lancé par Coca-Cola sur le numéro un chinois des jus de fruits a fait pschitt... Le ministère chinois du Commerce a annoncé mercredi le rejet de la proposition d'acquisition par l'américain Coca-Cola du leader chinois du jus de fruits Huiyuan, qui aurait constitué la plus importante prise de contrôle d'une société chinoise par une compagnie étrangère.
"En vertu de la loi anti-monopole, le ministère du Commerce a décidé d'interdire" l'opération, indique Pékin dans un communiqué (rapport public officiel). L'acquisition aurait eu "une influence négative sur la concurrence", ajoute-t-il.
Implanté en Chine depuis trois décennies, Coca-Cola voulait y accroître sa présence en s'offrant China Huiyuan Juice Group, qui revendique 42% du marché national des jus de fruits. En septembre, le géant américain avait engagé une OPA de 2,4 milliards de dollars - trois fois la capitalisation boursière - pour acquérir le groupe chinois. De plus, pour amadouer (gagner par des amabilités) les autorités, Coca-Cola avait annoncé, début mars, des investissements en Chine de 2 milliards de dollars sur trois ans.
Le projet restait néanmoins soumis à l'aval (soutien) des autorités, qui devaient le passer au crible de la loi anti-monopole, tout juste entrée en vigueur en août. Pékin a finalement estimé que cette opération aurait donné à Coca-Cola une position dominante sur le marché des jus de fruits en Chine et limité de fait la compétition sur ce marché.
Un marché en croissance de 20% par an
Le marché du jus de fruit croît de 20% par an dans le pays et attire donc les convoitises (ceux qui désirent ardemment) des grands leaders du secteur à la recherche de croissance compte tenu notamment de la faiblesse désormais du marché des boissons gazeuses. Mais Pékin, qui veut préserver ses entreprises, en a décidé autrement.
Le groupe français Danone participe à hauteur de 23% au consortium qui détient Huiyuan. Les autres grands actionnaires sont le fondateur Zhu Xinli (36% du capital) et le fonds d'investissement américain Warburg Pincus (6,8%).
En Bourse, le titre Huiyuan a perdu 22,3% mercredi matin. Une chute entraînant la suspension de la cotation.
source: http://www.lesechos.fr/info/agro/300337437-pekin-s-oppose-au-rachat-de-huiyuan-par-coca-cola.htm
Le chômage britannique au plus haut depuis 12 ans
[ 18/03/09 - 11H03 - actualisé à 11:58:00 ]
Plus de deux millions de personnes étaient sans emploi outre-Manche, sur les trois mois achevés en janvier, soit 6,5% de la population active.
Les craintes des économistes sont plus que "confortées" par les mauvais chiffres du chômage britannique, qui viennent d'être publiés par l'Office national des statistiques (ONS).
Outre-Manche, le nombre de chômeurs a ainsi dépassé les 2 millions de personnes, pour la première fois depuis 12 ans. Il atteint pour les trois mois achevés en janvier 2,029 millions de personnes, avec 165.000 inscrits supplémentaires (+421.000 inscrits sur un an), au sens du Bureau international du travail.
Sur ces 2 millions de personnes, 1,22 million sont des hommes (+113.000 sur le trimestre), et 811.000 sont des femmes (+52.000), la moitié de l'ensemble ayant entre 18 et 24 ans.
Au final, le chômage touche désormais en Grande-Bretagne 6,5% de la population active, soit 0.5 point de pourcentage de plus qu'au trimestre précédent (1.3 point sur un an).
Au sens national, en février, 1,39 million de personnes sont considérées comme demandeuses d'emploi au Royaume-Uni, soit un taux de 4%, contre 3,8% en janvier. Le nombre de chômeurs a augmenté de 138.400 personnes le mois dernier, soit la plus forte poussée depuis que cette statistique a commencé en 1971. Elle dépasse de loin les quelques 82.300 personnes anticipées par les économistes, selon un consensus réuni par la banque Calyon.
Le nombre de vacances d'emplois a été de 482.000 sur les trois mois achevés en février, un niveau en baisse de 74.000 et le plus bas niveau depuis le début de la statistique en 2001.
Selon la presse britannique, le Fonds monétaire international (FMI) s'apprête à abaisser sa prévision pour le Royaume-Uni à une contraction de 3,8% du PIB en 2009, puis à -0,2% en 2010, contre -2,8% et +0,2% respectivement annoncés fin janvier. De tels chiffres feraient du Royaume-Uni le pays le plus touché par la crise parmi les pays développés.
source: http://www.lesechos.fr/info/inter/300337453-le-chomage-britannique-au-plus-haut-depuis-12-ans.htm
wtorek, 17 marca 2009
La procédure législative
Le parcours de l'élaboration d'une loi et la « navette parlementaire »
Présentation schématique simplifiée de la procédure législative (loi ordinaire)
| |
| |
1. INITIATIVE DE
| Premier ministre | | Députés | | Sénateurs |
| ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ||
| Projet de loi | Proposition de loi | Proposition de loi | ||
| ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ||
| Délibération en Conseil des ministres, après avis du Conseil d'Etat | Contrôle de la recevabilité financière de la proposition de loi par le Bureau de l'Assemblée nationale ou du Sénat | |||
| ↓ | ↓ | |||
2. EXAMEN DU PROJET OU DE
EN COMMISSION ET EN SÉANCE PUBLIQUE
↓
| Dépôt sur le bureau de l'Assemblée nationale ou du Sénat |
| ↓ |
| Examen en 1ère lecture par l'une des six commissions permanentes ou par une commission spéciale, de l'Assemblée ou du Sénat, constituée à cet effet. Publication d'un rapport écrit. |
| ↓ |
| Discussion en 1ère lecture en séance publique et vote |
| ↓ |
| Transmission à l'autre assemblée qui n'était pas saisie en premier |
| ↓ |
| Examen en 1ère lecture par l'une des six commissions permanentes (ou par une commission spéciale) du Sénat ou de l'Assemblée nationale. Publication d'un rapport écrit |
| ↓ |
| Discussion en 1ère lecture en séance publique et vote |
| En cas d'accord entre les assemblées... ↓ |
| Adoption du texte dans les mêmes termes par les deux assemblées |
A défaut d'accord entre les deux assemblées ...
| A défaut d'accord entre les deux assemblées, après une première lecture, transmission du texte à la première assemblée saisie | ou | Après deux lectures dans chaque assemblée, à la demande du Premier ministre, réunion d'une commission mixte paritaire (CMP), composée de 7 députés et de 7 sénateurs, sur les dispositions restant en discussion. Si l'urgence a été déclarée, |
| ↓ | | ↓ |
| 2ème lecture : Examen en commission, discussion en séance publique et vote, nouvelle transmission à l'autre assemblée | | Examen et vote par chacune des deux assemblées du texte élaboré par |
| ↓ | | ↓ |
| Poursuite de la "navette" (nouvelles lectures successives par les deux assemblées) : examens, votes et nouvelles transmissions | | Après une nouvelle lecture par chacune des assemblées, le Gouvernement peut demander à l'Assemblée nationale de statuer définitivement |
| ↓ | | ↓ |
| Texte définitif adopté dans les mêmes termes par les deux assemblées | | Texte définitif adopté dans les mêmes termes par les deux assemblées ou adopté par l'Assemblée nationale statuant à titre définitif |
| ↓ | | ↓ |
3. CONTRÔLE DE CONSTITUTIONNALITÉ ET PROMULGATION DE
↓
| Saisine éventuelle du Conseil constitutionnel par le Président de |
| ↓ |
| Décision du Conseil constitutionnel, en cas de saisine |
| ↓ |
| Promulgation de la loi par le Président de |
poniedziałek, 16 marca 2009
prezydent w RP
dotychczasowi prezydenci: Narutowicz, Wojciechowski, Mościcki, Bierut,
Jaruzelski, Wałęsa, Kwaśniewski, Kaczyński
+ na uchodźctwie: Raczkiewicz, Zaleski, Ostrowski, Raczyński, Sabbat, Kaczorowski
Uprawnienia prezydenta:
b) inicjatywa ustawodawcza ( w tym inicjatywa zmiany konstytucji)
c) podpisuje ustawy i zamieszcza je w "DU"
d) prawo skrócenia kadencji sejmu
e) zwracanie się do TK z wnioskiem o zbadanie zgodności ustaw z konstytucją
b)kieruje do Sejmu wniosek o pociągnięcie do odpowiedzialności przez TS poszczególnych członków RM
c) dokonuje zmian w rządzie na wniosek premiera
d)zwoływanie w sprawach szczególnej wagi Rgabinetowej
e)odwołuje ministra wobec ltórego rząd wyraził wotum nieufności
b)powołuje prezesa i v-ce prezesów NSA
c)powołuje prezesa i v-ce prezesa TK
d)powołuje sędziów na wniosek KRS
e)1 członka KRS
Jaruzelski, Wałęsa, Kwaśniewski, Kaczyński
+ na uchodźctwie: Raczkiewicz, Zaleski, Ostrowski, Raczyński, Sabbat, Kaczorowski
Uprawnienia prezydenta:
- wobec władzy ustawodawczej:
b) inicjatywa ustawodawcza ( w tym inicjatywa zmiany konstytucji)
c) podpisuje ustawy i zamieszcza je w "DU"
d) prawo skrócenia kadencji sejmu
e) zwracanie się do TK z wnioskiem o zbadanie zgodności ustaw z konstytucją
- względem RM
b)kieruje do Sejmu wniosek o pociągnięcie do odpowiedzialności przez TS poszczególnych członków RM
c) dokonuje zmian w rządzie na wniosek premiera
d)zwoływanie w sprawach szczególnej wagi Rgabinetowej
e)odwołuje ministra wobec ltórego rząd wyraził wotum nieufności
- względem władzy sądowniczej
b)powołuje prezesa i v-ce prezesów NSA
c)powołuje prezesa i v-ce prezesa TK
d)powołuje sędziów na wniosek KRS
e)1 członka KRS
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